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Figure 1. Pressure–volume Loop
Increases (a) or decreases (b) in myocardial contractility affect the slope of the end-systolic
pressure volume relation. Changes in chamber stiffness affect the shape of the end-diastolic
pressure volume relation (EDPVR), with less (c) or more (d) compliance represented.
Ea, arterial elastance; EDP, end diastolic pressure; Ees, end-systolic elastance; ESP, end-
systolic pressure; ESV, end-systolic volume; SV, stroke volume; Vo, volume intercept at an
LV pressure of zero.
Figure 2. Variations in Ventricular Load and Contractility
and the Effect on Pressure–volume Relations
