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Diagnosis and Treatment Pacing Permanent Pacing in Sinus Node Dysfunction (SND) Key Points ÎSND refers to a broad array of abnormalities in sinus node and atrial Î impulse formation and propagation. •  These include persistent sinus bradycardia and chronotropic incompetence without identifiable causes, paroxysmal or persistent sinus arrest with replacement by subsidiary escape rhythms in the atrium, atrioventricular (AV) junction, or ventricular myocardium. •  The frequent association of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus bradycardia or sinus bradyarrhythmias, which may oscillate suddenly from one to the other, usually accompanied by symptoms, is termed "tachy-brady syndrome." •  SND is primarily a disease of the elderly and is presumed to be due to senescence of the sinus node and atrial muscle. ÎThe clinical manifestations of SND are diverse, reflecting the range of Î typical sinoatrial rhythm disturbances. •  The most dramatic presentation is syncope. •  However, in many patients, the clinical manifestations of SND are more insidious and relate to an inadequate heart rate response to activities of daily living that can be difficult to diagnose. •  The term "chronotropic incompetence" is used to denote an inadequate heart rate response to physical activity. ÎNo single metric has been established as a diagnostic standard upon Î which therapeutic decisions can be based. ÎThe only effective treatment for symptomatic bradycardia is permanent Î cardiac pacing. ÎThe optimal pacing system for prevention of symptomatic bradycardia in Î SND is unknown. Treatment ÎÎPermanent pacemaker implantation is indicated for: •  SND with documented symptomatic bradycardia, including frequent sinus pauses that produce symptoms. (I-C) •  symptomatic chronotropic incompetence. (I-C) •  symptomatic sinus bradycardia that results from required drug therapy for medical conditions. (I-C) ÎÎPermanent pacemaker implantation is reasonable for: •  SND with heart rate <40 bpm when a clear association between significant symptoms consistent with bradycardia and the actual presence of bradycardia has not been documented. (IIa-C) •  syncope of unexplained origin when clinically significant abnormalities of sinus node function are discovered or provoked in electrophysiological studies. (IIa-C)

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