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Nutrition
Fat
➤ Total fat: Generally, 20% to 35% of total daily calories for adults
• Saturated fat: Ideally < 10% of total calories
• Trans fat: As low as possible
• Essential fatty acids: Linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acids),
approximately 17 grams per day for men and 12 grams per day for
women. Alphalinolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acids), ~1.6 g/d for men,
1.1 g/d for women
➤ Fat provides 9 kilocalories per gram
➤ Fats, or lipids, constitute a diverse category of compounds used
as a source of energy and for a variety of metabolic processes
• Immune response (omega-3 fatty acids)
• Cell membrane structure (phospholipids)
• Cerebrosides within brain tissue
• Synthesis of bile acid, cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones
➤ Numerous unprocessed and processed food items comprise
a complex mixture of saturated, polyunsaturated, and
monounsaturated fatty acids.
Higher Protein Diets
Considerations Metabolic Effects
• Can help treat obesity,
metabolic syndrome, and type
2 diabetes mellitus
• In conjunction with a lower-fat,
low-carbohydrate diet, or a
low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet
• Promote negative fat balance and
reduction of fat stores
• Exerts satiety by effects on GLP-1 and
peptide YY release f rom the intestine
• Lean body mass is preserved during
weight loss
Weight Loss Risks
• From the POUNDS Lost trial,
participants lost 6–7 kg after six
months and 5 kg after two years
• The composition of
macronutrients is essential for
attaining successful weight loss
• Protein intake may need to be limited
during specif ic stages of end-stage
renal disease
