31
Level of Evidence
for HF Induction or
Precipitation Possible Mechanism(s) Onset
B Prostaglandin inhibition
leading to sodium and
water retention, increased
systemic vascular resistance,
and blunted response to
diuretics
Immediate
B
A Possible calcium channel
blockade
Intermediate
A Unknown Intermediate to delayed
A
A Negative inotrope,
proarrhythmic effects
Immediate to intermediate
B
A Proarrhythmic properties,
beta blockade
Immediate to intermediate
A Negative inotrope
B Beta-1-receptor stimulation
with increases in renin and
aldosterone
Intermediate to delayed
B Negative inotrope Immediate to intermediate
B
C Negative inotrope Immediate to intermediate
