Diagnosis
8
Table 4. Basic Clinical Class, Etiology, Anatomy, and
Pathophysiology (CEAP) Classification System
Clinical classification
C0
No visible or palpable signs of venous disease
C1
Telangiectases or reticular veins
C2
Varicose veins
C3
Edema
C4a
Pigmentation and/or eczema
C4b
Lipodermatosclerosis and/or atrophie blanche
C5
Healed venous ulcer
C6
Active venous ulcer
CS
Symptoms, including ache, pain, tightness, skin irritation, heaviness, muscle
cramps, as well as other complaints attributable to venous dysfunction
CA
Asymptomatic
Etiologic classification
Ec
Congenital
Ep
Primary
Es
Secondary (post-thrombotic)
En
No venous etiolog y identified
Anatomic classification
As
Superficial veins
Ap
Perforator veins
Ad
Deep veins
An
No venous location identified
Pathophysiologic classification
Pr
Reflux
Po
Obstruction
Pr,o
Reflux and obstruction
Pn
No venous pathophysiolog y identifiable
Modified from Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, Carpentier PH, Gloviczki
P, Kistner RL, et al. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous
disorders: Consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:1248-52.
