Diagnosis
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Table 3. Diagnosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Vascular disease
• Venous: post-thrombotic syndrome, varicose veins, chronic venous reflux
• Arterial: peripheral arterial occlusive disease, hypertension, arteriovenous fistulas,
arterial thrombosis, embolism, dysplasia, thromboangiitis obliterans, aneurysm
• Lymphatic: lymphedema
• Microangiopathy: diabetes mellitus, livedoid vasculopathy
• Vasculitis
• Hypertensive arteriolopathy
Neuropathic
• Peripheral neuropathy: diabetes mellitus, alcohol, medication, hereditary
• Central neuropathy: tabes dorsalis, myelodysplasia, syringomyelia, spina bifida,
poliomyelitis, multiple sclerosis
Metabolic
• Diabetes mellitus, gout, prolidase deficiency, Gaucher disease, amyloidosis,
calciphylaxis, porphyria, hyperhomocysteinemia
Hematologic
• Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, polycythemia vera, leukemia, thrombocythemia,
lymphoma, myeloplastic disorders, disorders of coagulation factors (factors I-XIII),
coagulation inhibitors (antithrombin III, activated protein C resistance, protein C
and S), or fibrinolysis factors (tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator
inhibitor, plasmin)
Autoimmune
• Rheumatoid arthritis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener
granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren
syndrome, scleroderma, Behçet disease, cryoglobulinemia
Exogenous
• Heat, cold, pressure, ionizing radiation, chemical, allergens, trauma