7
Diagnosis
Table 3. Etiologies of Dysphonia and Examples* from Each
Category
Etiologic Category Examples
Surgery yroidectomy or Parathyroidectomy
Anterior Spine Surgeries
oracic and Cardiac Surgeries
Neurosurgery and Skull Base Surgery
Inflammatory Tobacco Use
Polypoid Corditis
Allerg y
Autoimmune Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Infectious Viral Upper Respiratory Infection
Bacterial Infection
Laryngeal Candidiasis
Neurological Laryngeal Dystonia (e.g., Spasmodic Dysphonia)
Vocal Fold Paralysis
Essential Tremor
Parkinson Disease
Endocrinological Hypothyroidism
Diabetes
Menopause
Androgen Supplementation
Neoplastic Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Metastatic Disease
Other Neoplasms (e.g., chondromas, lymphoma)
Congenital Laryngeal Web
Vocal Fold Cyst
Laryngeal Cle
Traumatic Laryngeal Fracture
Posterior Glottic Stenosis
Intubation Injury
Behavioral Vocal Fold Nodules
Vocal Fold Cyst
Vocal Fold Polyp
Vocal Fold Vascular Lesion
Musculoskeletal Muscle Tension Dysphonia
Cervicalgia
Gastrointestinal Reflux
* Not a comprehensive list of etiologic examples.
