Table 3. Common Causes of Secondary Constipation Medications
Analgesics (opiates, tramadol) Tricyclic antidepressants Anticholinergic agents
Calcium channel blockers
Anti-parkinsonian drugs (dopaminergic agents)
Antipsychotics (phenothiazine derivatives)
Antidepressants
Antihypertensive drugs — particularly calcium channel antagonists, methyldopa
Anticonvulsants (phenytoin) Serotonin 5-HT3
Calcium supplements
Bile acid resins (cholestyramine) Antihistamines
Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide) Endocrine and metabolic diseases Diabetes mellitus Hypothyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal disease Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia Porphyria
antagonists
Metal ions such as antacids (aluminum or calcium), iron supplements
Colorectal carcinoma
Inflammatory, postoperative, and radiation strictures
Neuromuscular disorders
Cerebrovascular disease and stroke Parkinson's disease Multiple sclerosis
Autonomic neuropathy Spinal cord lesions
Dementia Chagas disease
Hirschsprung's disease Myopathic disorders Amyloidosis Scleroderma
Others Depression General disability Anorexia nervosa/bulimia
Anorectal and colonic disorders Anal fissure
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