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Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

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24 Figure 2. Posterior Perspective of the Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy is highly variable between patients. Figure 3. Schematic Drawing Showing Various Hypotheses and Proposals Concerning the Mechanisms of AF Considerable progress has been made in defining the mechanisms underlying initiation, perpetuation, and progression of AF (Figures 3,4). It is also notable that detailed human atrial mapping studies have not observed discrete rotors, but rather suggest that AF is maintained by dissociation between epicardial and endocardial layers, with mutual interaction producing multiplying activity that maintains the arrhythmia (Figure 3E). Treatment

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