22
Permanent
phrenic nerve
paralysis
0% to
0.4%
Monitor
diaphragm
during phrenic
pacing, CMAP
monitoring,
phrenic pacing to
identify location
and adjust lesion
location
CXR, sniff test Supportive care
Pulmonary vein
stenosis
<1% Avoid energ y
delivery within PV
CT or MRI,
V/Q wave scan
Angioplasty,
stent, surgery
Radiation
injury
<0.1% Minimize
fluoroscopy
exposure especially
in obese and repeat
ablation patients,
X-ray equipment
None Supportive care,
rarely skin gra
Stiff le atrial
syndrome
<1.5% Limit extent of le
atrial ablation
Echocardiography,
cardiac
catheterization
Diuretics
Stroke and TIA 0% to
2%
Pre-, post-, and
intraprocedure
anticoagulation,
catheter and sheath
management, TEE
Head CT or
MRI, cerebral
angiography
rombolytic
therapy,
angioplasty
Vascular
complications
0.2% to
1.5%
Vascular access
techniques,
ultrasound
guided access,
anticoagulation
management
Vascular
ultrasound, CT
scan
Conservative
treatment,
surgical repair,
transfusion
Table 8. Incidence, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of
Selected Complications of AF Ablation (cont'd)
Complication Incidence
Selected
prevention
techniques
Diagnostic
testing
Selected
treatment
options
Treatment
