8
Treatment
Table 2. Disciplines and Interventions for Chronic Pain
Disciplines
Examples of Possible
Interventions
Recommendation and
Strength of Evidence
Physical medicine and
rehabilitation
• Physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Recreational therapy
• Individualized exercise
program
• Orthotics
• Ultrasound
• Heat/cold
Moderate
Recommendation;
EB-B-I
Integrative therapies
• Massage
• Acupuncture
• Music
Weak Recommendation;
EB-B-L
Interventional therapies
• Nerve blocks
• Neuraxial infusion
(epidural/intrathecal)
• Vertebroplasty/
kyphoplasty
Moderate
Recommendation;
EB-B-I
Psychological
approaches
• Cognitive behavioral
therapy
• Distraction
• Mindfulness
• Relaxation
• Guided imagery
Moderate
Recommendation;
EB-B-I
Neurostimulatory
therapies
• Transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulation
(TENS), spinal cord
stimulation, peripheral
nerve stimulation,
transcranial stimulation
Weak Recommendation;
EB-B-L
