2
Key Points
Î Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP) continue to be frequent complications of hospital
care. Together, they are among the most common hospital-acquired
infections (HAIs), accounting for 22% of all HAIs in a multistate point-
prevalence survey.
Î All-cause mortality associated with VAP has been reported to range
from 20%–50%.
Î Serious complications from HAP occur in approximately 50% of
patients.
Table 1. Risk Factors for Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens
Risk factors for MDR VAP
Prior intravenous antibiotic use within 90 d
Septic shock at time of VAP
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) preceding VAP
≥5 days of hospitalization prior to the occurrence of VAP
Acute renal replacement therapy prior to VAP onset
Risk factors for MDR HAP
Prior intravenous antibiotic use within 90 d
Risk factors for MRSA VAP/HAP
Prior intravenous antibiotic use within 90 d
Risk factors for MDR Pseudomonas VAP/HAP
Prior intravenous antibiotic use within 90 d
Diagnosis
