Diagnosis
6
Ocular Examination (cont'd)
• Schirmer testing and ocular surface dye staining
• Corneal sensation
• Gonioscopy
• Functional evaluation of the nasolacrimal tear drainage system
• Extended indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral indentation
• Contact lens stereoscopic biomicroscopy (e.g., Goldmann three-mirror lens)
Additional diagnostic testing may include the following:
• Keratometry (e.g., to assess surface quality and power)
• Corneal topography/tomography, including analysis
• Measurement of corneal thickness (pachymetry, corneal tomography)
• Corneal endothelial cell analysis
• External, slit-lamp, or fundus photography
• Anterior and posterior segment imaging (e.g., optical coherence tomography [OCT],
anterior segment OCT, ocular photography, high-frequency ultrasonography, or
confocal microscopy)
• Visual fields by automated and/or manual perimetry
• Biometry
• Stereophotography or computer-based image analysis of the optic disc and retinal
nerve fiber layer or macula
• Ophthalmic ultrasonography
• Fluorescein or indocyanine green angiography
• Electrophysiological testing
• Microbiolog y and cytolog y of ocular or periocular specimens
• In-office point-of-care testing (e.g., immunochromatography)
• Radiologic imaging
• Laboratory tests for systemic disease
