Diagnosis
2
Table 2. Prevalence of Major Ocular Diseases and Conditions
that May Be Asymptomatic
Disease or
Condition Prevalence
Risk Factors
for Disease
or Disease
Progression
Potentially
Positive Findings
on Examinations
Choroidal nevi • 5%–8%, increases
with age and more
common in white
Americans. (Note:
Findings are based
on 45° fundus
images centered
on the fovea and
optic nerve.)
White American
populations and
increasing age
Clearly defined
margins, oen flat
or slightly elevated;
typically stable in
size. Over time,
choroidal nevi may
display overlying
drusen, retinal
pigment epithelial
atrophy, hyperplasia,
or fibrous metaplasia
Open-angle
glaucoma
• African Americans
age ≥40: 3.4%
• White Americans
age ≥40: 1.7%
• Individuals
of Hispanic
descent age ≥40:
2%–4.7%
African, Hispanic,
or Latino descent,
increased age, family
history of glaucoma,
elevated IOP, thin
central cornea
Abnormal optic disc
and nerve fiber layer
defect, characteristic
visual field defect,
elevated IOP,
decreased vision (late
stages), exfoliation
material on the lens
capsule, signs of
pigment dispersion
syndrome (including
Krukenberg spindle)
Primary angle-
closure glaucoma
• 0.009%–2.6%
(highest rates in
Inuit and Asian
populations)
• Individuals of
Hispanic descent
age >40: 0.1%
Hyperopia, family
history of angle
closure, increasing
age, female gender,
Inuit or Asian
descent
Narrow angles,
evidence of pupillary
block
Diabetic retinopathy • General
population age
≥40: 3.4%
• Individuals age
≥40 with type 1 or
type 2 diabetes :
28.5%–40.3%
• Individuals of
Hispanic descent
with type 1 or type
2 diabetes age ≥40:
46.9%
Increasing duration
of diabetes, high
levels of glycosylated
hemoglobin, high
systolic blood
pressure, elevated
serum lipid levels
Retinal
microaneurysms,
hemorrhages, lipid
exudates, intraretinal
microvascular
anomalies, retinal
edema, retinal
neovascularization,
preretinal or vitreous
hemorrhage
