3
Table 2. Risk Factors for CKD and ESRD: Data From Studies
of HIV-Infected Persons and the General Population
CKD
(GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m
2
or proteinuria)
ESRD or
(GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m
2
)
Factor Relative Risk Range Relative Risk Range
African descent 1.7-2.4 4.5-31
Female sex 1.5-1.7 NR
Family history
of ESRD
NR 5.4-8.0
Age 1.2-5.5 per 10 y older 2.0 for age >50 vs <30 y
Diabetes 1.5-2.6 4.8-9.0
Hypertension 1.4-3.5 4.9
CD4 cell count
• 1.1-1.25 per 100 cells/µL lower
• 1.4-2.2 for CD4 <200 vs
≥200 cells/µL
• 1.7 per 100 cells/µL lower
• 1.4-2.7 for CD4 <200 vs
≥200 cells/µL
HIV RNA 1.3-2.2 for detectable or higher vs
undetectable or lower HIV RNA
2.0 per 1 log
10
increase in
HIV RNA
Hepatitis C
coinfection
or history of
injection drug
use
1.3-2.2 2.8-5.0
Tenofovir
• 1.2-1.3 per year of exposure
• 1.6-2.2 for any or recent
exposure vs no or remote
exposure
NR
Tenofovir plus
a ritonavir-
boosted PI
3.4 vs an NNRTI-based regimen
without tenofovir
NR
Indinavir 2.0-2.5 for any or recent exposure
vs no or remote exposure
NR
Atazanavir 1.2 per year of exposure NR
Lopinavir 1.1 per year of exposure NR
