16
Introduction
Table 3. Risk Factors for Diagnosed AF
Condition Study type Effect on risk of AF
Biomarkers
Natriuretic
peptides
• MA
• Brain naturiuretic peptide (BNP): risk,
HR per 1-SD ln-BNP, 1.66
• MR • Natriuretic peptides not associated
Inflammatory
markers
• SR/MA
• CRP: risk (standardized mean difference
[SMD], 0.95)
• IL-6: risk (SMD, 0.89)
• TNF-α: risk (SMD, 2.20)
• MR
• DUSP13, FKBP7, Spondin-1 risk
• IL-6R, TNFS12 risk
Lp(a) • SR/MA • Lp(a): (HR, 1.03); only 39% of Lp(a) risk
mediated via atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease (ASCVD)
• MR
• Genetically predicted Lp(a): risk (HR per
23 mg/dL genetically predicted Lp(a), 1.04)
Imaging markers
Le atrial size
or function
• Single studies • Left atrium (LA) anterior-posterior dimension:
risk (HR per 5 mm , 1.39)
• End diastolic LA volume (min): risk (HR,
1.12)
• LA emptying fraction: risk (HR, 1.03)
• MR • Genetic susceptibility to AF (independent
measure) is associated with indexed LA
size and LA ejection fraction (dependent
measures)
LV wall
thickness
• Single study
• LV posterior wall thickness: risk (HR per
4 mm , 1.28)
• SR/MA
• LVH: risk (RR, 1.46)
(cont'd)
