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Intervention/management
Strength of
recommendation
Certainty
of evidence
Immunomodulatory therapy, first-line (e.g., enteral or
systemic steroids)
Strong Moderate
Do not avoid gluten unless patients have celiac-
associated HLA markers
Strong Moderate
Antimicrobials (e.g., nitazoxanide, ribavirin) and/
or diverse drugs (e.g., enteral steroids, enteral
immunoglobulin)
Conditional Very low
5-Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, ustekinumab Conditional Low
Use tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors with
caution of risk of severe infection
Conditional Moderate
HSCT Conditional Moderate
Initial treatment with culture and biopsy-directed
antimicrobials and systemic corticosteroids
Strong High
Surgical management with debridement or resection
if medical management is inadequate
Strong Moderate
Medical and surgical management of non-cirrhotic
portal hypertension to prevent variceal bleeding
Conditional Low
Liver transplantation is discouraged Conditional Low
Corticosteroids, immunomodulators Conditional Low
Precision therapy based on underlying molecular
defect (e.g., abatacept, jakinibs)
Conditional Low
