52
Treatment
Table 20. Underlying Causes of ALI
Underlying PAD with acute thrombosis
• Thrombosis at sites of arterial stenosis
• Artery to artery embolization
• Thrombosis of previous bypass grafts
• Arterial stent thrombosis
Cardiac embolization
• Atrial fibrillation (ie, left atrial/appendage thrombus)
• Other intracardiac thrombus (eg, left ventricular thrombus due to cardiomyopathy)
• Infective endocarditis
• Valvular heart disease (eg, mitral stenosis)
• Intracardiac shunt including paradoxical embolization across a patent foramen ovale
Iatrogenic/access site-related thrombosis (eg, postfemoral access for catheterization)
Aortic or arterial dissection
Arterial trauma
Arterial aneurysm-related thromboembolism (eg, popliteal artery)
Hypercoagulable states
• Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
• Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
• Cancer-associated arterial thrombosis
• Others
Cancer therapy-associated thrombosis
• Platinum-based chemotherapy
• Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
• Others
Other systemic proinflammatory states
• Vasculitis
• Sepsis
• Viral illness, including COVID-19
• Other infectious processes
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
