15
Comments
Normal variant above ULN
Hyperinflation if FRC/TLC or RV/TLC elevated; gas trapping if only RV/TLC
elevated (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])
e.g., ILD
When the FEV
1
/FVC is normal complex refers to the process contributing to restrictive
process that disproportionally reduces FVC relative to TLC. (e.g., small airway disease
with gas trapping and obesity).
Typically, FEV
1
/FVC is reduced (e.g., combined ILD and COPD)
When effort appears sufficient
Especially when effort appears insufficient
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) low; reduced TLC at very high body mass index (BMI)
(> 40)
