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3. Epidemiology and Causes of HF
➤ Beginning in 2012, the age-adjusted death rate per capita for HF
increased for the first time in the United States. A recent U.S.
evaluation found total deaths caused by HF have increased from
275,000 in 2009 to 310,000 in 2014.
➤ Death rate per capita by race and ethnicity:
• Non-Hispanic Black – 92/100,000
• Non-Hispanic White – 87/100,000
• Hispanic – 53/100,000
➤ Causes of heart failure:
• Risk Factors (in the United States):
▶ 115 million have hypertension
▶ 100 million are obese
▶ 92 have prediabetes
▶ 26 million have diabetes
▶ 125 million have atherosclerotic CVD
• Other common causes:
▶ ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (MI)
▶ valvular heart disease (VHD)
▶ familial or genetic cardiomyopathies
▶ amyloidosis
▶ cardiotoxicity with cancer or other treatments
▶ substance abuse such as alcohol, cocaine, or methamphetamine
▶ tachycardia
▶ right ventricular (RV) pacing or stress-induced cardiomyopathies
▶ peripartum cardiomyopathy
▶ myocarditis
▶ autoimmune causes
▶ sarcoidosis
▶ iron overload including hemochromatosis
▶ thyroid disease
▶ other endocrine metabolic and nutritional causes
