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Disease Categories
TOP 10 TAKEAWAY MESSAGES:
Obesity and Dyslipidemia
1. The disease of obesity is an important contributor to
dyslipidemia.
2. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for CVD. CVD is the most
common cause of mortality among patients with obesity and
dyslipidemia.
3. Patients with obesity and dyslipidemia optimally undergo global
CVD risk reduction (e.g., healthful nutrition and physical activity,
smoking cessation, as well as optimal control of blood glucose,
blood pressure, and blood lipids).
4. In addition to food intake contributing to positive caloric balance,
ultra-processed carbohydrates may increase triglycerides
(TGs) and reduce high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).
Saturated fats may increase low density lipoprotein cholesterol
levels, however, the effect of this on cardiovascular disease may
depend on a variety of factors.
5. Most of the body's energy is typically stored in the form of
triglycerides in adipose tissue. The adipose tissue of patients
with obesity may store over 50% of the total body cholesterol.
6. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is found on the intravascular surface of
capillaries within and around body tissues (including adipose
tissue). LPL hydrolyzes the core TGs contained in circulating
TG-rich lipoproteins (e.g., very low-density lipoproteins [VLDL]
and chylomicrons) into monoglycerides and fatty acids, thus
reducing TG blood levels and allowing for increased fatty acid
transport into adipocytes. LPL is stimulated by physical exercise,
insulin, fibrates, and omega-3 fatty acids.
7. Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is located within adipocytes. It
catalyzes the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol,
which is a rate-limiting step in the release of FFAs into the
circulation. HSL is stimulated by catecholamines and inhibited by
insulin. Largely through adipocyte HSL, lipolysis (i.e., adipocyte
fat breakdown) is promoted by decreased insulin and increased
physical activity (increased catecholamines), while lipolysis
(causing adipocyte fat conservation or gain) is inhibited by
increased insulin and decreased physical activity (decreased
catecholamines).
