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Chronic Disease of Obesity - Obesity Algorithm 2024

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13 Body Weight Homeostasis   ➤ Mainly via body mass-dependent energy expenditure   ➤ Individuals of male gender, increased height, increased muscle, younger age, and/or obesity typically have higher metabolic rate (MR).   ➤ An increase in fat free mass may not only increase metabolic rate, but may also increase hunger, which influences the nutritional aspect of energy balance.   ➤ Metabolic rate can be affected by climate (hotter environment increases metabolic rate to cool the body; colder environment increases metabolic rate through non-shivering thermogenesis to warm the body).   ➤ Beyond RMR, other common contributors to variances in energy expenditure include NEAT, physical activity, and thermogenesis of food. Energy Expenditure: Components Overall In individuals with light physical inactivity, components of total energy expenditure: • 70% resting MR • 20% physical activity • 10% diet-induced thermogenesis In studies with purposefully sedentary behavior a , the coefficient of variation for energy expenditure components are: • Resting MR = 5–10% • Physical exercise = 2% • Diet-induced thermogenesis = 20% b a NEAT also contributes to variances in energ y expenditure. b Whole foods generally generate higher diet-induced thermogenesis than ultra-processed food.

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