Levels of Evidence According to Study Design
Grade
Definition
I
Randomized controlled trials
II-1
Controlled trials without randomization
II-2
Cohort or case control analytic studies
II-3
Multiple time series
Dramatic uncontrolled experiments
III
Opinion of respected experts
Descriptive epidemiology
Abbreviations
AFP, alphafetoprotein; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; bid, twice a day; CT, computed
tomography; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LYG, life years gained; MDCT, multidetector
computed tomography scan; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease; PS, performance status; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; TACE, transarterial
chemoembolization
Source
Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of
hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53(3):1020-1022. PMID: 21374666
Disclaimer
This Guideline attempts to define principles of practice that should produce high-quality patient
care. It focuses on the needs of primary care practice, but also is applicable to providers at all levels.
This Guideline should not be considered exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed
at obtaining the same results. The ultimate judgement concerning the propriety of any course of
conduct must be made by the clinician after consideration of each individual patient situation.
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