Table 11. Class of Recommendations and
Level of Evidence (2013)
CLASS I
Benefit >>>Risk
Procedure/Treatment
SHOULD be
performed/administered
CLASS IIa
Benefit >>Risk
Additional studies with
focused objectives needed
IT IS REASONABLE
to perform procedure/
administer treatment
LEVEL A
Multiple populations
evaluated
a
Data derived from
multiple randomized
clinical trials or meta-
analyses
▪Recommendation that
procedure or treatment
is useful/effective
▪Sufficient evidence
from multiple
randomized trials or
meta-analyses
▪Recommendation in favor of
treatment or procedure being
useful/effective
▪Some conflicting evidence
from multiple randomized
trials or meta-analyses
LEVEL B
Limited populations
evaluated
a
Data derived from a
single randomized trial or
nonrandomized studies
▪Recommendation that
procedure or treatment
is useful/effective
▪Evidence from single
randomized trial or
nonrandomized studies
▪Recommendation in favor of
treatment or procedure being
useful/effective
▪Some conflicting evidence
from single randomized trial
or nonrandomized studies
LEVEL C
Very limited populations
evaluated
a
Only consensus opinion
of experts, case studies, or
standards of care
▪Recommendation that
procedure or treatment
is useful/effective
▪Only expert opinion,
case studies, or standard
of care
▪Recommendation in favor of
treatment or procedure being
useful/effective
▪Only diverging expert
opinion, case studies, or
standard of care
Suggested phrases for
writing recommendations
should
is recommended
is indicated
is useful/effective/
beneficial
is reasonable
can be useful/effective/
beneficial
is probably recommended or
indicated
Comparative effectiveness
phrases
b
treatment/strateg y
A is recommended/
indicated in preference
to treatment B
treatment A should be
chosen over treatment B
treatment/strategy A is
probably recommended/
indicated in preference to
treatment B
it is reasonable to choose
treatment A over treatment B
A recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is
weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend themselves to
clinical trials. Although randomized trials are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical
consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective.
Estimate
of
Certainty
(precision)
of
Treatment
Effect
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