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Definition of Terms
• Personal CGM is a tool for persons with diabetes to use in real time to assist them in
making both short- and long-term adjustments in their therapeutic management.
• Professional CGM is a diagnostic tool used for the short-term investigation of an
individual's glycemic profile to determine glycemic patterns, to assist with therapeutic
management. It is typically placed by a member of the individual's diabetes care team,
and data are later collected for interpretation.
• Inpatient glycemic surveillance and management programs vary greatly but for
this guideline we included systems that collect real-time glycemic data from the
electronic health record (EHR) (including fingerstick data, laboratory-drawn data,
and possibly CGM data if available) into a database that can be readily analyzed for
pertinent patterns and/or generate clinical decision support to guide insulin dose
adjustment. Also included systems that allow for daily reports (e.g., stoplight/traffic
light charts) that will help trained hospital staff in identifying patients who require
changes in their clinical management to avoid both hypo- and hyperglycemia. These
systems contrast with paper-charting that cannot directly interface with the EHR.
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• Structured diabetes education actively engages the person with diabetes through
methods including hands-on training and exercises and group meetings as they
develop their health care goals and learn how to manage their condition. Structured
education differs from didactic education in that the person with diabetes is actively
involved in their education, versus merely having information given to them as passive
learners.
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Structured diabetes education programs include education surrounding
stress management, healthy eating and physical activity, medication use and glucose
monitoring, and problem solving.
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It also involves teaching risk reduction, including
those risks related to hypoglycemia. Structured education can be provided via digital
health approaches, such as telehealth and virtual classes.
1
Edelman SV, Argento NB, Pettus J, and Hirsch IB. Clinical Implications of Real-time and
Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care 2018; 41(11): 2265-2274.
2
Gray J, Roseleur J, Edney L, Karnon J, and Southern Adelaide Local Health (SALHN) Network's
Hypoglycaemia Clinical Working Group. Pragmatic review of interventions to prevent inpatient
hypoglycaemia. Diabet Med. 2022; 39(2): e14737.
3
Lawton J and Rankin D. How do structured education programmes work? An ethnographic
investigation of the dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) programme for type 1 diabetes
patients in the UK. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(3): 486-493.
4
Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists, Kolb L. An Effective Model of Diabetes Care
and Education: e ADCES7 Self-Care Behaviors™. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care. 2021;47(1):30-53.
