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Nutrition - OMA Obesity Algorithm 2023

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8 Genetic Syndromes & Eating Disorders Treatment Paleolithic Diet Paleolithic nutritional intervention is based upon a diet pattern presumed to exist during the Paleolithic period (lasting 3.4 million years and ending 6000-2000 BC). It differs from some other diets in that it excludes grains, dairy, and ultra-processed foods. Encouraged Discouraged • Fresh vegetables, f ruits, and root vegetables • Grass-fed lean red meats • Fish/seafood • Eggs • Nuts and seeds • Healthful oils (olive, walnut, flaxseed, macadamia, avocado, and coconut) Avoid: • Cereal grains • Legumes, including peanuts • Dairy products • Potatoes • Ultra-processed foods • Ref ined sugar, ref ined vegetable oils, and salt Vegetarian Diet a A vegetarian nutritional intervention includes a meal plan consisting of foods that come mostly from plants. Encouraged Discouraged • Vegetables • Fruits • Whole grains • Legumes • Seeds • Nuts • May include eggs and milk • Fowl • Fish • Beef • Pork • Lamb Vegetarian Diet Variants • Vegan ("Total Vegetarian"): Only plant-based foods (e.g., f ruits, vegetables, legumes, grains, seeds, and nuts) with no animal proteins or animal by- products, such as eggs, milk, or honey • Lacto-vegetarian: Plant foods plus some or all dairy products (e.g., cheese) • Lacto-ovo Vegetarian (or Ovo-lactovegetarian): Plant foods, dairy products, and eggs • Semi or Partial Vegetarian: Plant foods and may include chicken or f ish, dairy products, and eggs, but not red meat • Pescatarian: Plant foods and seafood • Flexitarian: Mostly plant-based foods (minimally processed), with occasional f ish, meat, and animal products in moderation a Plant-based nutritional intake is generally associated with weight loss, reduced risk of heart disease (including heart failure), and beneficial effects on metabolic diseases, some cancers, and possibly all cause mortality. However, these potential benefits may be negated when more healthful plant-based whole foods (i.e., with natural fiber and nutrients) are replaced by ultra-processed foods, fried foods, and refined carbohydrates. Vegetarian diets may also result in deficiencies of micronutrients such as vitamin B12, which may require monitoring and replacement when appropriate.

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