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Primary Aldosteronism

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Key Points 2 Î Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a group of disorders in which aldosterone production is inappropriately high for sodium status, relatively autonomous of the major regulators of secretion (angiotensin II, plasma potassium concentration), and nonsuppressible by sodium loading. Î Such inappropriate production of aldosterone causes hypertension, cardiovascular damage, sodium retention, suppression of plasma renin, and increased potassium excretion that (if prolonged and severe) may lead to hypokalemia. • Only 9–37% of patients with PA have hypokalemia. Î PA is commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma, unilateral or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH), or in rare cases adrenal carcinoma or inherited conditions of familial hyperaldosteronism. Î Cross-sectional and prospective studies report PA in >5% and possibly >10% of hypertensive patients, both in general and in specialty settings. Î Patients with PA have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than age- and sex-matched patients with essential hypertension and the same degree of BP elevation. Î Specific treatments, either by mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists or unilateral adrenalectomy, are available that ameliorate the impact of this condition on important patient outcomes.

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